Gaskell North and South Essay Example for Free

Gaskell North and South Essay Gaskell’s ‘North and South’, set in Victorian England, is the story of Margaret Hale, a young woman whose life is completely turned on its head when her family moves to northern England. As an outsider from the agricultural south, Margaret is initially shocked by the aggressive northerners of the dirty, smoky industrial town of Milton, but as she adapts to her new home, she defies social conventions with her ready sympathy and defense of the working poor. Her passionate advocacy of the lower classes leads her to repeatedly clash with charismatic mill owner John Thornton over his treatment of his workers. While Margaret denies her growing attraction to him, Thornton agonizes over his foolish passion for her, in spite of their heated disagreements. As tensions mount between them, a violent unionization strike explodes in Milton, leaving everyone to deal with the aftermath in the town and in their personal lives. Gaskell’s novel could certainly be described as a social commentary; England at the time was extremely class-conscious, yet In almost all cases, Margaret does not so much choose sides as acknowledge mutually dependent and beneficial relationships. Though her family has very little in the way of money or assets, her family roots are in the gentry, yet when the family is moved up North to Milton, Margaret befriends and socializes with both ends of the social spectrum, mill owners and workers. Margaret is even capable of initiating a friendship of sorts between worker and owner, Higgins and Thornton even come up with a plan together to provide a canteen for the workers to get hot food. Differences in life in the South and life in the North are compared and contrasted often in a very subtle fashion, as are the differences in values and class structure. It is also very interesting to note that the difficulties of the lives of the impoverished factory workers are highlighted, however the difficulties faced by the factory owners are also presented. Through Margaret, Gaskell is able to transcend social class and at the same time create a hero amongst the industrial poverty of Milton, she acts in a way that would have been unconventional and frowned upon at the time for the good of such people as the Higgins family. When she is seen bringing a basket of food to the house during the workers strike, her peers condemn her at a dinner at the Thornton’s. Highlighting both the differences between northern and southern culture and the clashes between social conscientiousness. It could be said that ‘North and South’ is a novel defined by the resolution of binary conflicts; Margaret Hale is presented with a number of divisions of sympathy, between industrialists and the working class, between conflicting views of Mr.  Thornton, and even between her conflicting views of her own intelligence. Nancy Mann, in her essay â€Å"Intelligence and Self-Awareness in ‘North and South’: a Matter of Sex and Class† stipulates that the novel â€Å"concentrates on a crucial problem of the development of the novel in the nineteenth century, the relationship between abstract intelligence and self-awareness, and the ways in which this relationship may be affected by factors of sex and class†(1). What Mann is saying is that Gaskell is successful in throwing off the conventional boundaries of the classic romantic Victorian with all its feminist connotations and persuasions and has created a character that transcends the constraints of class and what is proper to actually do some good in her new environment. Gaskell’s most prominent social explorations however come in the form of contrasts. For example Margaret’s relationship with the Higgins family, especially Bessie, both nineteen years old when they meet, one healthy and the other gravely ill can be seen as a dramatic comment on class iniquity. Gaskell uses Bessie as a dramatic device in the novel to draw Margaret and her father closer, a task some literary critics consider to be so well done that Bessie is often discounted from the actual story. She is also a device to show the plight of the working class woman, Bessie is even described by one critic as ‘the most extensive portrait of a factory girl in the mainstream industrial novels, and as such, she reveals the political and economic tensions surrounding working class women'(2). Even Margaret says â€Å"Bessie’s comments address the specific problems of working-class women, problems that both unions and the middle class have an interest in ignoring. Even when Bessie’s religious beliefs and her questioning of unionism are considered she is very revealing, Margaret sees her as having â€Å"a politics of her own† which both reveals her sense of disenfranchisement from the ongoing struggle between masters and men and presents the most telling evidence in the novel of the iniquities of the class system. Something else that has to be considered in this scenario with Bessie as a dramatic tool towards Gaskell’s social commentary Elizabeth Gaskells North and south: A National Bildungsroman. Victorian Newsletter 85 (1994) Briefly traces the emergence of and critical debate on the industrial novel, noting the industrial novels have been read largely in relation to male working-class history, not in relation to female working-class history or to the emerging nineteenth-century womens movement. The critic also goes on to stipulate that the comments on the patriarchal foundations of both Chartism and the union movement makes a case for the need to consider Marxist and feminist issues when considering the issues raised in north and south. He goes on to suggest that by placing her heroine, Margaret Hale, between North and South, Gaskell attempts to bring to the surface the unconscious bifurcations that produce class and gender ideologies and that because the novel is both a Bildungsroman as well as an industrial novel it acquires unusual dimensions in both categories(3). Feminism also plays a big part in Gaskell’s novel, through her three main characters, Margaret, Thornton and Higgins Gaskell shows a struggle for growth and indicates what the future of society may hold for people in similar situations and how society can grow as a whole. When the novel is examined as a debate on class and gender issues, the amount of time the characters spend arguing about word choices, definitions and analogies it is clear that almost all interactions in the novel are affected in some way by gender or class, even in language, every term that comes under debate is changed with class or gender import(4). With this much importance forced upon the character’s class and gender by their social environment a reader is certainly inclined to read the novel as an exploration into the Victorian class system rather than a conventional love story of the time. Even in Margaret’s romantic capacity as a woman, her gradual sexual awareness of John Thornton and their Marriage at the end of the novel is more understandable to read in a more feminist light than a romantic one. In marrying Thornton Margaret enters into a mutually equal relationship, one where her influence and goals will be felt as well as his, through Margaret, Gaskell subtly reveals the new directions women are taking toward independent action and freedom(5). However at the same time recognizing that the changes she undergoes are in no way revolutionary and that though the conflicting ideas of obedience and freedom are not completely settled by the end of the novel, at least one woman has emerged into responsible adulthood and has claimed her part in deciding the terms of that settlement(6). What is most interesting about this novel is that all the elements of a romantic novel are there, but it is written in a way that turns the readers head from the sentimental pride and prejudice Esq. prose and makes them focus on the environment and its social deficiencies â€Å"through this story of social rejection and Christian compassion, Gaskell charges her culture to replace what she sees as a rigid and reductive old testament ethic of charity(7). This idea of a old to new change in a religious sense is also backed by Gaskell’s own Unitarian background, her father was a Unitarian minister, as was her husband, Margaret’s father in the novel itself is also a minister it could even be suggested that Gaskells beliefs provided her with an alternative vision of society and code of behavior(8) the importance of Gaskells religious beliefs and Unitarianism can be found in many aspects of the novel, not least that Unitarianism believed in the cultivation of the intellect regardless of sex, she found the religious authority to challenge the patriarchal subjugation of women, especially those who failed to fulfill their designated role in society. It is ironic to think; in a period nearly defined by its theological doubt, Gaskells spiritual faith authorizes her revolutionary vision(9). When Mr. Thornton, without further verbal explication, proposes to Margaret in a â€Å"strange and presumptuous way† at the end of the novel, we see the proper structure of an intimate relationship, both sides respect each other’s power while Thornton refuses to impose a political hierarchy. This is emphasized by the exchange over the flowers, which he bought as a token of her independent self, which is a revolutionary idea in itself at this point in history and conversely, gives rise to his second comment referring to marriage as possession, saying he had â€Å"no hope of ever calling her mine†, and the second refutation of such terms. Although the novel does not strive at any point to be romantic at the expense of the real issues that Gaskell tackles in the way people lived at the time, their unspoken resolution to marry signifies the resolution of the novel the binding of two genders, halves of England, social classes, and individuals, into one. In conclusion Gaskell is very successful in going further than any of her peers in actually exploring deficiencies in Victorian culture and society, although the main components of a classic love story are there, Margaret opts for the conscientious, religious option at every turn making the novel more a serious social commentary than anything else. Gaskell’s religious persuasion adds to this in that it allows her to transcend the class system and her constraints as a woman in Victorian England to address these problems under the banner of religion.

The Selfish Gene Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Selfish Gene "We are survival machines—robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve selfish molecules known as genes." -- Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (1). Can genes alone determine your DNA's place in the next generation? Are humans simply vessels for these genes? With his provoking work entitled The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins attempts to answer such questions as he proposes a shift in the evolutionary paradigm. Working through the metaphor of a "selfish gene", Dawkins constructs an evolutionary model using a gene as the fundamental unit of selection, opposed to the more commonly accepted belief of the species as the unit of selection. This "selfish gene", possessing a certain selfish emotional nature, acts as an independent entity fighting to ensure its replication in future generations, maximizing its number of descendents (2). Those successful in replicating have made the most of their given environment (1). For the interests of this paper, is it valid to assume that natural selection occurs at the level of DNA? Hence, what can be implied about genetic predispositions? For Dawkins, evolution of a species is dependent upon the transmittance of this information to the next generation; the individual species is irrelevant (2). This theory is a departure from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which concentrates on the species. Species, to Dawkins, are "survival machines" whose purpose is to host these genes, as species are mortals and fleeting, whereas genes are not (2). Is it valid to assume Dawkins position that humans are merely "robot vehicles"? This concept, alienating emotion, physical, and cultural growth from evolution, can be startling. By placing the importance of natural selec... ... , The opening pages of and selections from Dawkins work http://www.world-of-dawkins.com/Dawkins<br>/Work/Books/selfpage.htm 2)The Selfish Gene Theory, Explanatory site providing overview of theory http://bovination.com/cbs/selfishGene%20Theory.jsp 3) The Selfish Gene?" Reason in Revolt , Genetic issues and Dawkins discussed http://www.marxist.com/rircontents.asp Works Consulted 4) In Defense of Selfish Genes , Dawkins refute to claims made about his theory by Mary Midgely http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/dawkins_genes.htm 5) Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism , Counterarguments for Selfish Gene Theory http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/%20midgley_genes.htm 6) The Selfish Gene: The Underpinnings of Narcissism , Further discussion and implications on Selfish Gene Theory http://samvak.tripod.com/journal43.

Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy Essay

Why study consumer behaviour? †¢ By studying consumer behaviour we try to understand & gain insight into: – Consumer decision making processes – What we buy, how we buy, and why we buy †¢ Enables us to become better consumers and marketers Definitions of Consumer Behaviour †¢ The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of products, services, experiences or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. †¢ The dynamic interaction of cognition, behaviour and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives (American Marketing Association) †¢ Those behaviours performed by decision-making units in the purchase, usage and disposal of goods and services (Kotler & Levy) †¢ The decision process and physical activity individuals engage in when evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services (London & Della Bitta) Application of Consumer Behavior Marketing Strategy/ regulatory Policy/Social Marketing/Informed Individual Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy Cross Cultural Variations in Consumer Behavior Culture is the most pervasive external force on an individual’s consumption behavior. It would be difficult to overlook the importance of culture as a motivator of consumer behavior. The attitude people possess, the values they hold dear, the lifestyles they enjoy and the interpersonal behavior patterns they adopt are the outcomes of the cultural settings. Failure to carefully consider cultural differences is often responsible for monumental marketing failure. The concept of Culture Culture is the complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society. ââ€" ª First, culture is a comprehensive concept. It includes almost everything that influences an individual’s thought processes and behaviors. ââ€" ª Second, culture is acquired. It does not include inherited responses and predispositions. Much of human behavior is learned rather than innate, culture does not affect a wide array of behaviors. ââ€" ª Third, the complexity of modern societies is such that culture seldom provides detailed prescriptions for appropriate behavior. Culture provides boundaries within which most individual think and act. ââ€" ª Finally, the nature of cultural influences is such that we are seldom aware of them. One think behave, feels in a manner consistent with other members of the same culture because it seems â€Å"natural† or â€Å"right† to do. The boundaries that culture sets on behavior are called Norms which are simple rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations Norms are derived from Cultural Value, widely held beliefs that shared standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, good or bad, desirable or undesirable. Violation of cultural norms results in sanctions, or penalties ranging from mild social disapproval to banishment from the group. Variations in cultural values †¢ Cultural values are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable. A useful approach to understanding cultural variations in behavior is to understand the values embraced by different cultures. The classifications of cultural values 1. Other oriented[Individual/Collective, Youth/Age, extended/Limited Family, Masculine/feminine, Competitive/Cooperative, Diversity/Uniformity] 2. Environmental oriented [ Cleanliness, Performance/Status, Tradition/Change, Risk Taking/Security, Problem solving/Fatalistic, Nature] 3. Self-oriented [ Active/Passive, Sensual gratification/Abstinence, Material/Nonmaterial, Hard work/Leisure, Postponed gratification/immediate gratification, Religious/Secular] The use people make of space and the meaning they assign to their use of space constitute a second form of nonverbal communication. In America, the office space in corporations generally is allocated according to rank and prestige rather than need. A second major use of space is personal space. It is the nearest that others can come to anyone in various situations without feeling uncomfortable Symbols A symbol may be defined as the sign or representation of something moral or intellectual by the images or properties of natural things as† the Lion the symbol of courage†. Different studies on cultures identified two types of symbols used by people in communicating among them, they are 1. Referential symbol 2. Expressive symbol Relationship The rights and obligations imposed by friendship are another nonverbal communication variable. Americans, more so than most other cultures, make friends quickly and easily and drop them easily also. To most Asian and Latin Americans, good personal relations and feeling are all that really matter in a long term agreement. Americans negotiate a contract, the Japanese negotiate a relationship. In many countries, the written word is used simple to satisfy legalities. In their eyes, emotion and personal relations are more important than cold facts. Agreement Americans rely on an extensive and generally, highly efficient legal system for ensuring that business obligations are honored and for resolving disagreements. Many other cultures have not developed such system and rely instead on friendship and local moral, principles, or informal customs to guide business conduct. In many developed counties, prices are uniform for all buyers, but in some Asian and Middle East countries, the procedure is different Things The cultural meaning of things leadfs to purchase patterns that one would not otherwise predicts. The different meaning that cultures attached to things, including products, make gift giving a particular difficult task. Etiquette Etiquette represents generally accepted ways of behaving in social situations. Behaviors considered rude or obnoxious in one culture may be quite acceptable in another. Normal voice tone, pitch and speed of speech differ between culture and languages as do the use of gestures. For example, a Japanese executive will seldom say â€Å"No† directly during negotiations, as this would be considered impolite. Considerations in approaching a foreign market ââ€" ª Is the geographic area Homogeneous or heterogeneous with respect to culture? ââ€" ª What needs can this product or a version of it fill in this culture? ââ€" ª Can enough of the people needing the product afford it? ââ€" ª What values or patterns of values are relevant to the purchase and use of this product? ââ€" ª What are the distribution, political, and legal structures for the product? ââ€" ª In what way can we communicate about the product? ââ€" ª What are the Ethical implications of marketing this product in this country? http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/alihusainkaisar/29525858 http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/abdullah_muslim2010/29411963 ———————– OUTCOMES: Individual/ Firm/ Society CONSUMER DECISION PROCESS: Problem recognition/Information search/Alternative evaluation/Purchase/ Use/ Evaluation MARKETING STRATEGY: Product/Price/Distribution/Promotion/Service MARKET SEGMENTATION: Identify product related need sets/ Group customer with similar need sets/ Describe each group/ Select attractive segment(s) to target MARKET ANALYSIS: Company/Competitors/ Conditions/Consumers

Is Us Based Online Gambling Under Threat - 1629 Words

Article 7 – Is US based online gambling under threat? For years, the online gambling industry has fought tooth and nail for the right to have a legal presence in the United States. This is because for all that the country presents in terms of freedom, they still maintain a strong stance against online gambling. It wouldn’t be until 2011 that certain states cleared online gambling, while 47 others still have it on a â€Å"TBC† list. The three states (Delaware, New Jersey, and of course Nevada) who have stepped out to become the first US states to authorize online gambling having been reaping the rewards. But given the Republican outlook on online gambling, could the already limited field be under threat? Online gambling first arrived in the†¦show more content†¦It is evident that while there is support for online gambling in the US, the rumblings of discontent are getting louder. Sheldon Adelson was the initial man trumpeting the cause for outlawing online gambling, it is clear that he has now found support in Senator Graham and Senator Rubio. Many within the online casino industry are dually worried about what a change in law would truly mean to the fledging industry, with one particular entity being under serious threat. Online lotteries are one of the leading forms of online gambling, but could be put under threat due to the proposal. What makes the situation bizarre is that state lottery tickets could still be purchased over the counter, while horseracing would still be legal, yet online lotteries like the popular Mega Millions could be doomed. Online gambling has been a big hit around the world and is starting to find a strong audience within US borders. But the reality is that the entire field could be outlawed before it has even really got started. Due to the new proposal, the future of online gambling looks fairly murky. Largely, as many are unsure if the change of presidential party could result in a change of direction for online gambling for the worse. It seems that over the next 12 months, online casino gambling in the US could be on the brink of a true boom or bust phase. Article 8 – NetEnt arrives in New Jersey with Caesars

Is Art Majors A Discourse Community - 1771 Words

Art majors are faced with many ideologies and goals when starting out. Understandably, due to the varying types of emphasis that the University of Arkansas provides in its art program; studio art, visual design, photography. Studio Foundation, the entry level year long course hits on all of these aspects. Due to this course those students that once had nothing in common now all need to reach common goals. According to Swales this group of students do not meet the criteria to be a discourse community. Though their various TAs of the course do make up a discourse community. After observing these two groups it becomes clear that even though the Studio Foundation group is not a discourse community they do emulate one. With guidance from the TA discourse community this group of entry level students learn the need to intercommunications work towards common goals. Working just as a discourse community would. Group of highly educated individuals make up the TA discourse community within the Studio Foundation course. Providing assistants to a growing group of artist, not just individually but as a whole group. Giving them fundamental knowledge to aid them when will create or become apart their own Swales approved discourse community. The functionality of the Studio Foundation group challenges that of a discourse community, and with the help of TAs this novice group is continuously developing in the criteria set up by Swales. Since the beginning of the 2014 fall semester I haveShow MoreRelatedReasons For Attending College For College910 Words   |  4 Pagesparents made me relax about this point. They gave me what I want. My discourse community is camping. So I think there is connection between my discourse community and my motivation. When I go to camping every month, whit the time I earn endurance, patience, imperturbability and promptitude. All these things are factors to creativity. 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The Rise Of The Messiah - 1364 Words

Jesus, the promised messiah, had miraculously risen from the grave, he brought hope to his disciples following his seemingly devastating death. He stayed with his disciples for forty days, and before he ascended into heaven, he gave the great commission, which is to share the gospel to everyone (Matthew 28:16-20, Acts 1:1-8). This commission stands today, Christians are to create disciples and share the gospel. As a 21st century Christian, it is just as important to fill his kingdom as it was when he lived. Today, we wait excited for his second coming, although we have been given a glimpse of what this may look like, it is interesting to think about. I’m sure some of our anticipations will be turned on their head the same way the Jews anticipation were turned around. My role within the story, from holistic view, follows the birth and sacrifice of the messiah who is Jesus, and is to make disciples, spread the good news, and wait patiently for Jesus’ second coming as I re flect His attributes of goodness, represent Him before others in this world, and rule over the non-human created universe (Genesis 1:26-31). Reflect His attributes of goodness, I have seen this worked out in my life through the giving of my time. This is probably the most tangible way to measure my personal reflection of God s goodness. When I was younger, whenever I was asked what areas of my life could be improved, I always said I was lazy regarding my faith. Since then I have grown and volunteer at churchShow MoreRelatedThe Four Books Of Gospel Are Found In The New Testament1287 Words   |  6 Pagesportrays Jesus as Messiah, Mark portrays Him as Suffering Servant, and Luke portrays Jesus as Universal Savior. The Gospel of John portrays Jesus as Son of God. 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Fazlur Rahman Khan Example For Students

Fazlur Rahman Khan Biography Outline1 Biography1.1 Fazlur Rahman Khan  (1929 1982)1.2 Chicago as Architectural Center1.3 Fazlur Rahman Khan Biography1.4 Innovative Steel Structures1.5   The Most Significant Projects1.6 Willis (Sears) Tower1.7 John Hancock Centre Biography Fazlur Rahman Khan  (1929 1982) Fazlur Rahman Khan is an American civil engineer, author of the Chicago-based skyscrapers Willis-Tower and John Hancock Center. He was a native of Bangladesh, who worked for the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill. In the 1960s he became the most influential specialist in the structural design of high-rise buildings. Chicago as Architectural Center By the end of the XIX century, the center of the economic life of the country is Chicago. It is here that the foundations of the architecture of the Chicago School, the bright page of the prehistory of modern architecture, were laid. Its beginning is associated with the fire of 1871, almost completely destroyed Chicago. The leader of this school was Louis Sullivan (1856-1924). Studies of functional and constructive problems of high-rise construction attempt to find the logic of constructive shaping of new objects occupied him no less than the design itself. The metal frame that facilitated the rapid restoration of the city after the fire was applied during the restoration of Chicago. The construction was accompanied by a huge jump in the growth of land prices, so the construction was conducted only by multi-story buildings. The development of multi-story construction was facilitated by the invention of the elevator, the use of a metal frame and the use of a water-closet. With the construction of skyscrapers, the design and construction and technological areas of activity in designing and erecting an edifice are becoming much more complicated. An independent profession of a civil engineer, one of whose representatives were and whose name is directly related to the development of Chicago architecture stands out from the traditional architectural profession. Fazlur Rahman Khan Biography Fazlur Khan was born in Dhaka, on the territory of modern Bangladesh. He studied at the University of Calcutta and Dhaka. After graduating from Dhaka University in 1951, he won the Fulbright Award for talented students from the colonies, which allowed him to continue his education in the US (Illinois State University). Within three years Fazlur Khan received three diplomas master and doctor in structural design and a master of theoretical mechanics. In 1955 he began to work at Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill and has since lived in Chicago. Passing all the steps, by 1970 he became a full partner of the company (and remained the only partner from engineers). During this time, he developed and for the first time implemented standard schemes of load-bearing structures, which became standards in high-rise construction such as carrier tube, tube in tube, tube with inclined bars, etc. Thanks to Khan, it became possible to build high-rise buildings of complex shapes such as pyramids, irregular prisms, etc. (previously the choice of forms was limited to rectangular prisms). He is a laureate of many professional awards during his life and posthumously, for example, Builder 1972 according to Engineering News-Record. The square in Chicago, adjacent to Sears Tower is named after Fazlur Khan, and his statue was installed in the tower itself in 1987. He died on March 27, 1982, not surviving 6 days before the 53rd anniversary. He was buried in Chicago, in Grassland Cemetery. Innovative Steel Structures Classics of skyscraper construction presuppose the presence of a steel frame inside the building, which is assembled like a lattice. The ceilings are made of concrete slabs that make up the floor and ceiling, and on the outside, the edifices lined with glass. These external walls are called curtain wall; it does not hold anything, but only closes the insides of the structure from adverse weather conditions. .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .postImageUrl , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:hover , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:visited , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:active { border:0!important; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:active , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William TurnerIn the first half of the last century, almost all significant skyscrapers, including the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and others, were built on a steel frame. They had the only significant drawback; it is their traditional rectangular shape. Over time, the engineers found out that steel has a few not very pleasant properties. First, it is subject to temperature variability; for example, if a fire starts in the building, the frame softens and deforms. So, the official version of the destruction of the Twin Towers in America is precisely the breaking of the strength of the frame due to temperature. Secondly, steel, like any metal, is susceptible to corrosion. Third, steel is very expensive. And fourthly, as with any material, steel has an extremely effective height very high buildings can not be constructed on this principle. Therefore, the American engineer Fazlur Khan proposed to build skyscrapers in a stem-shell scheme. It provides for the presence in the center of the edifice of a massive concrete trunk with thick walls, and along the edges large columns wrapping it. This method, first, allows edifice constructions of enormous height, and, secondly, to erect skyscrapers of almost any shape. He developed and realized for the first time the standard schemes of load-bearing structures, which became standards in high-rise construction such as the carrying tube, the tube in the tube, the tube with inclined bars, etc. It was a genuine revolution in the design of high-rise buildings on a metal frame. These innovations opened up scope for imagination: skyscrapers of complex shapes such as pyramids, irregular prisms and others appeared.   The Most Significant Projects Fazlur Khan personally designed dozens of buildings, including: 1964 DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, Chicago. This is a 43-storey residential edifice made of monolithic reinforced concrete. It was the first example of a carrying tube design, in which the supporting columns are located only along the perimeter of the building. 1966-1969 John Hancock Center, Chicago. At the heart of the project was the offer of Mikio Sasaki, in those years still a student. This is the first high-rise edifice in the world in the form of a truncated pyramid with diagonal bars; at the time of construction, it was the second tallest edifice the world. 1970-1971 One Shell Plaza in Houston (the world headquarters of Shell). At the time of construction, it was the highest reinforced concrete edifice the world (218 meters) and the first sample of the tube in the tube. The variable pitch of the columns of the carrying tube gives the impression of waves running along the wall. 1970-1973 Willis Tower, Chicago. At that time and until 1998 it was the tallest edifice the world. 1981 Hajj Terminal at the airport of King Abdul-Aziz, Jeddah (Aga Khan Prize in 1983, posthumously). At the heart of the edifice are 10 identical modules with 45-meter facades, united by a shopping arcade. At the time of construction, the roof hood of the main building, designed for a daily flow of up to 80,000 passengers, was the largest in the world. There are two significant projects of this architecture that are worthy of special attention. Willis (Sears) Tower It was built in 1973 in Chicago (USA). It is an office edifice that has 110 stories and height of 443 m. The idea of erecting such a large-scale edifice first appeared in 1936 after the decision of Sears, Roebuck CO to unite the entire staff of its employees in one place for more comfortable working conditions. The first part of the Sears Tower appeared in the spring of 1971. The main architect of the Sears Tower was Bruce Graham, and the main designer was Fazlur Khan. .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .postImageUrl , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:hover , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:visited , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:active { border:0!important; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:active , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: TitianFor three years they managed to create an edifice’s amazing height four hundred and forty-three meters in the form of one hundred and ten floors. For twenty-five years, this skyscraper was the tallest edifice the world. Now he took the honorable 2nd place in height in the United States and 10th in the world. On July 16, 2009, the Sears Tower was renamed the Willis Tower. In this building, Fazlur Khan used a shell-diaphragm constructive system. A distinctive feature is that the edifice consists of 9 steel tubes of square section, forming a large square in the base; the design is designed in three levels, gradually tapering upward. There are 2 TV antennas on th e roof (the antennas’ end reaches 527.3 m). On the 103rd floor, there is an observation deck with balconies. John Hancock Centre John Hancock Center is one of the most famous high-rise buildings in Chicago and the USA. The height of this 100-story skyscraper is 344 meters to the roof level, and the main feature is its design, reminiscent of a large quadrangular hollow column. The skyscraper is located in the northern part of Michigan Avenue and rises above half of Chicago. The height of the edifice together with the antennas is 459 meters. The skyscraper project, which at that time was the second tallest edifice the world, was originally conceived at the end of 1964 and belonged to developer Jerry Wolman. In the future, the project is financed by the insurance company John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. The peculiarity of the edifice is a hollow construction resembling a huge rectangular column. In the building, designed by Fazlur Khan himself, a shell structural system with diagonal connections of supporting structures located along the outer contour was used. Both of these buildings realize the concept of a bearing steel tube, which is used today for the construction of the highest buildings, such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.