Fazlur Rahman Khan Example For Students

Fazlur Rahman Khan Biography Outline1 Biography1.1 Fazlur Rahman Khan  (1929 1982)1.2 Chicago as Architectural Center1.3 Fazlur Rahman Khan Biography1.4 Innovative Steel Structures1.5   The Most Significant Projects1.6 Willis (Sears) Tower1.7 John Hancock Centre Biography Fazlur Rahman Khan  (1929 1982) Fazlur Rahman Khan is an American civil engineer, author of the Chicago-based skyscrapers Willis-Tower and John Hancock Center. He was a native of Bangladesh, who worked for the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill. In the 1960s he became the most influential specialist in the structural design of high-rise buildings. Chicago as Architectural Center By the end of the XIX century, the center of the economic life of the country is Chicago. It is here that the foundations of the architecture of the Chicago School, the bright page of the prehistory of modern architecture, were laid. Its beginning is associated with the fire of 1871, almost completely destroyed Chicago. The leader of this school was Louis Sullivan (1856-1924). Studies of functional and constructive problems of high-rise construction attempt to find the logic of constructive shaping of new objects occupied him no less than the design itself. The metal frame that facilitated the rapid restoration of the city after the fire was applied during the restoration of Chicago. The construction was accompanied by a huge jump in the growth of land prices, so the construction was conducted only by multi-story buildings. The development of multi-story construction was facilitated by the invention of the elevator, the use of a metal frame and the use of a water-closet. With the construction of skyscrapers, the design and construction and technological areas of activity in designing and erecting an edifice are becoming much more complicated. An independent profession of a civil engineer, one of whose representatives were and whose name is directly related to the development of Chicago architecture stands out from the traditional architectural profession. Fazlur Rahman Khan Biography Fazlur Khan was born in Dhaka, on the territory of modern Bangladesh. He studied at the University of Calcutta and Dhaka. After graduating from Dhaka University in 1951, he won the Fulbright Award for talented students from the colonies, which allowed him to continue his education in the US (Illinois State University). Within three years Fazlur Khan received three diplomas master and doctor in structural design and a master of theoretical mechanics. In 1955 he began to work at Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill and has since lived in Chicago. Passing all the steps, by 1970 he became a full partner of the company (and remained the only partner from engineers). During this time, he developed and for the first time implemented standard schemes of load-bearing structures, which became standards in high-rise construction such as carrier tube, tube in tube, tube with inclined bars, etc. Thanks to Khan, it became possible to build high-rise buildings of complex shapes such as pyramids, irregular prisms, etc. (previously the choice of forms was limited to rectangular prisms). He is a laureate of many professional awards during his life and posthumously, for example, Builder 1972 according to Engineering News-Record. The square in Chicago, adjacent to Sears Tower is named after Fazlur Khan, and his statue was installed in the tower itself in 1987. He died on March 27, 1982, not surviving 6 days before the 53rd anniversary. He was buried in Chicago, in Grassland Cemetery. Innovative Steel Structures Classics of skyscraper construction presuppose the presence of a steel frame inside the building, which is assembled like a lattice. The ceilings are made of concrete slabs that make up the floor and ceiling, and on the outside, the edifices lined with glass. These external walls are called curtain wall; it does not hold anything, but only closes the insides of the structure from adverse weather conditions. .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .postImageUrl , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:hover , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:visited , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:active { border:0!important; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:active , .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11 .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc7fcdd457c64dd0dd86ff2176d81c11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William TurnerIn the first half of the last century, almost all significant skyscrapers, including the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and others, were built on a steel frame. They had the only significant drawback; it is their traditional rectangular shape. Over time, the engineers found out that steel has a few not very pleasant properties. First, it is subject to temperature variability; for example, if a fire starts in the building, the frame softens and deforms. So, the official version of the destruction of the Twin Towers in America is precisely the breaking of the strength of the frame due to temperature. Secondly, steel, like any metal, is susceptible to corrosion. Third, steel is very expensive. And fourthly, as with any material, steel has an extremely effective height very high buildings can not be constructed on this principle. Therefore, the American engineer Fazlur Khan proposed to build skyscrapers in a stem-shell scheme. It provides for the presence in the center of the edifice of a massive concrete trunk with thick walls, and along the edges large columns wrapping it. This method, first, allows edifice constructions of enormous height, and, secondly, to erect skyscrapers of almost any shape. He developed and realized for the first time the standard schemes of load-bearing structures, which became standards in high-rise construction such as the carrying tube, the tube in the tube, the tube with inclined bars, etc. It was a genuine revolution in the design of high-rise buildings on a metal frame. These innovations opened up scope for imagination: skyscrapers of complex shapes such as pyramids, irregular prisms and others appeared.   The Most Significant Projects Fazlur Khan personally designed dozens of buildings, including: 1964 DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, Chicago. This is a 43-storey residential edifice made of monolithic reinforced concrete. It was the first example of a carrying tube design, in which the supporting columns are located only along the perimeter of the building. 1966-1969 John Hancock Center, Chicago. At the heart of the project was the offer of Mikio Sasaki, in those years still a student. This is the first high-rise edifice in the world in the form of a truncated pyramid with diagonal bars; at the time of construction, it was the second tallest edifice the world. 1970-1971 One Shell Plaza in Houston (the world headquarters of Shell). At the time of construction, it was the highest reinforced concrete edifice the world (218 meters) and the first sample of the tube in the tube. The variable pitch of the columns of the carrying tube gives the impression of waves running along the wall. 1970-1973 Willis Tower, Chicago. At that time and until 1998 it was the tallest edifice the world. 1981 Hajj Terminal at the airport of King Abdul-Aziz, Jeddah (Aga Khan Prize in 1983, posthumously). At the heart of the edifice are 10 identical modules with 45-meter facades, united by a shopping arcade. At the time of construction, the roof hood of the main building, designed for a daily flow of up to 80,000 passengers, was the largest in the world. There are two significant projects of this architecture that are worthy of special attention. Willis (Sears) Tower It was built in 1973 in Chicago (USA). It is an office edifice that has 110 stories and height of 443 m. The idea of erecting such a large-scale edifice first appeared in 1936 after the decision of Sears, Roebuck CO to unite the entire staff of its employees in one place for more comfortable working conditions. The first part of the Sears Tower appeared in the spring of 1971. The main architect of the Sears Tower was Bruce Graham, and the main designer was Fazlur Khan. .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .postImageUrl , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:hover , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:visited , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:active { border:0!important; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:active , .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44237d7d5e8427744917f63297f34a6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: TitianFor three years they managed to create an edifice’s amazing height four hundred and forty-three meters in the form of one hundred and ten floors. For twenty-five years, this skyscraper was the tallest edifice the world. Now he took the honorable 2nd place in height in the United States and 10th in the world. On July 16, 2009, the Sears Tower was renamed the Willis Tower. In this building, Fazlur Khan used a shell-diaphragm constructive system. A distinctive feature is that the edifice consists of 9 steel tubes of square section, forming a large square in the base; the design is designed in three levels, gradually tapering upward. There are 2 TV antennas on th e roof (the antennas’ end reaches 527.3 m). On the 103rd floor, there is an observation deck with balconies. John Hancock Centre John Hancock Center is one of the most famous high-rise buildings in Chicago and the USA. The height of this 100-story skyscraper is 344 meters to the roof level, and the main feature is its design, reminiscent of a large quadrangular hollow column. The skyscraper is located in the northern part of Michigan Avenue and rises above half of Chicago. The height of the edifice together with the antennas is 459 meters. The skyscraper project, which at that time was the second tallest edifice the world, was originally conceived at the end of 1964 and belonged to developer Jerry Wolman. In the future, the project is financed by the insurance company John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. The peculiarity of the edifice is a hollow construction resembling a huge rectangular column. In the building, designed by Fazlur Khan himself, a shell structural system with diagonal connections of supporting structures located along the outer contour was used. Both of these buildings realize the concept of a bearing steel tube, which is used today for the construction of the highest buildings, such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

Walden Essay Example For Students

Walden Essay Manns 1Ken MannsMike SandersEnglish 1000215 February 2001â€Å"To Be Awake is to Be Alive†Why do so few Americans not see all of the problems in society? Do they simply not care or are they not able to see them? With Thoreau’s statement, â€Å"To be awake is to be alive†, he implies that Americans have their eyes closed to these issues. They do not choose to overlook these issues but they simply pass them by because their eyes are shut. Some people are not able to grasp the concept in Thoreau’s statement and find it to be foreign or subversive because it threatens the way the see the world. Many people who happen to fall into the cultural norms find Thoreau’s statement to be intimidating. The way they view the world is extremely sheltered they do not choose this, it is jus t the way they are. They have always viewed the world through a screen that filters what they see. This screen is different for each individual depending on his or her cultural ba ckground and/or home environment. These factors along with many others create the screen by which they see the world. We will write a custom essay on Walden specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Different cultural backgrounds have different taboos. These taboos define what is and is not acceptable for the people within that culture. Such as India where they do not believe in interracial marriages while in Western Europe most people do not have an issue with them. Home environment is also a major factor in what is allowed though the screen. The beliefs passed down through a family are commonly not questioned. The children are taught the beliefs of the family and are expected to carry on the traditions. Some people do question their backgrounds by removing the screen. They see the world for what it is both good and bad and not how they would like to see it. Meanwhile, others cringe at the thought of removing the screen. These people are so used to the screen they are afraid of what might lay on the other side. Some are so dependent on this screen they would even feel that Thoreau’s statement is subversive. They feel as though removing the screen could potentially alter their entire existence. Having this screen is not a terrible thing but not knowing what lies on the other side is. Thoreau’s statement is not universally true. For some people it is necessary to question the beliefs passed to them. For those people the screen is a hindrance from the world around them. Others need the screen to protect them from what they are not familiar with. They cannot handle ideas that are filtered by their screen. Neither way of viewing the world is correct, each has its own problems but both can be utilized to view the world. BibliographyWorks CitedThoreau, Henry David. Walden. New York: Norton, 1951. English Essays

Accounting Term Paper The Most Effective Writing Strategies

Accounting Term Paper The Most Effective Writing Strategies Written assignments such as essays, term papers, research papers or reports are an essential part of accounting classes because they teach students presentation skills that are critical for success in their professional career. Lots of great ideas fail in the business world just because they are poorly presented. So when you are given a task to write a term paper in accounting, you should treat it as a very important business presentation and just imagine that your job depends on your doing it the proper way. You should do your best to express your ideas effectively. Academic writing and business writing are not easy and requires a lot of reading and thinking so to help you get started, we offer you a complete guide to writing a term paper in accounting where we are going to discuss different aspects of the writing process and give you advice on how to choose a good topic for your accounting term paper, write an outline, what to include in different parts of your term paper, and how to revise and edit your content. What Is an Accounting Term Paper? The purpose of writing a term paper in accounting is to communicate important information to the readers. It may be reporting research findings, arguing a certain issue, proposing a research, reviewing literature, solving a problem or defending a position. The process of writing an accounting term paper, just like any other academic paper, involves certain stages that you should follow in your writing. But you should keep in mind that the actual writing process can be often messy and recursive so you should use this article as a flexible accounting term paper writing guide. Step 1. Clarify Your Assignment and Choose a Topic If the topic for your term paper was given by your instructor, you should read it carefully to understand what your assignment is. Your assignment question is most likely to set out what type of information you should include in your term paper and what steps you should follow to complete your task. For example, you may be required to analyze some process, to comment, to evaluate, to make recommendations, to identify some issue, etc. If your instructor has not specified what format you should follow, for example, APA, MLA or Chicago, ask him/her about it. Your instructor may have some specific requirements that you have to follow when formatting your paper. If you are responsible for choosing a topic for your accounting term paper, you should select a topic that you are interested in, taking into account the amount of time you have to write your term paper, its length, and available resources. You should also avoid controversial or sensational topics that are not scholarly. You have to narrow your topic to a manageable size and pose it as a problem to be solved or as a research question to be answered. If you have no idea what to write about, you may choose one of the topics from our list. Accounting Term Paper Topics A Company’s Cost Volume Profit Analysis 2017-2018 Budget Research Key Financial Accounting Concepts Advantages and Disadvantages of Accounting Convergence Income Taxes in the USA Accounting Fraud Risks Impact of Accounting Information on the Decision-Making Process Creating a Bankruptcy Plan Debt Financing Role of Accounting in Innovation Management Step 2. Do Research and Document Sources First, think about the general outline of your research. Use brainstorming techniques and make a list of subtopics and keywords that will help you organize your research and stay focused on your topic. A good research is a foundation of your accounting term paper so you should use a broad variety of the most credible and most up-to-date expert resources. You should gather information from databases, libraries, scholarly journal articles, scientific books, online sources, government publications, newspapers, and newsmagazines. While reading, you should make notes and keep track of all your sources. Make sure that you write the whole reference so that you can use it for your reference list or bibliography and citations or if you need to double-check the information. Organize your data and group it into categories that are variations of some sort of outline – you can write a working outline, make a mind map, arrange group notes on a large table, use file cards or combine these techniques. Your point is to organize your information and identify connections among the categories to determine the structure of your future term paper. Step 3. Prepare an Outline and the First Draft Write your thesis statement or statement of purpose and make a final outline that will help you stay on the track when you start writing. An outline is necessary to set out your accounting term paper structure and guarantee that your paper is complete and logical and covers all the relevant information and key arguments. Your outline must reflect how you are going to develop your argument so you should specify every step from your introduction to conclusion. Your term paper should include the following sections. The title should be informative and concise and include keywords of your topic. The abstract should explain your objectives, significance of your paper and your approach to the problem, and summarize your findings. Your abstract should be about 200 words or even less and it is usually written when the rest of a paper is completed. The introduction should provide background information, give definitions of key terms and concepts, explain your specific purpose and organizational plan. If the explanation of the context in your introduction is too long, you should include a separate section that can be called Context/Background/Key Terms. If you need to provide an overview of the existing research on your subject, you can include a separate section called Literature Review. The body of your accounting term paper should present your ideas in a logical, systematic and concise manner. If your paper is long, you should divide your body into sections using headings and subheadings to help your reader see the organizational structure. You should support your argument with relevant evidence and integrate your sources into your discussion. When necessary, provide statistical data, figures, tables, and diagrams with legends. Your task is not just to report the information that you have found in your sources but summarize, explain, analyze, and evaluate it. The conclusion should present a summary of your ideas and suggest some directions for further research, and recommendations. Your recommendations can be written in plain text or presented as â€Å"bulleted† information. You can also explain the significance of your term paper. The references should list sources that you cited in your accounting term paper in an alphabetical order in a proper format specified by your instructor. When writing your first draft, you should keep in mind that it will be revised so there is no need to worry about spelling or focus on punctuation. Write your thoughts freely. At this stage of the writing process, you should focus on the content of your term paper, following your outline and developing your ideas, and use information from your notes. You should use categorized research notes to develop your argument and support the points that you want to make. Include quotations and examples to support your explanation, discussion, argument, and comparison. You should avoid self-editing at this step. Use transition words to link sentences, paragraphs, and sections. You can use single words such as however, but, similarly, phrases or clauses. To make your links more explicit, you might even require using whole sentences. And if your term paper is based on an extensive research, you should use headings and subheadings to make transitions. When you have finished your rough draft, put it away out of sight before you start revising it and making improvements. Step 4. Points to Consider During the Writing and Editing Process When we speak about a well-written paper, we mean that it has to communicate your ideas because if it fails to do it, then it doesn’t matter how profound your research was. In this case, your writing will have no impact on your readers. So the clarity of your term paper is extremely important. How can you achieve that? There are three things that make good writing: effort, style considerations, and technical matters. Write Multiple Drafts Writing drafts and polishing them takes time and efforts and you can never complete a good paper if try to do it on the night before it is due. You should write multiple drafts. Complete your first draft, make it smooth, and put it aside for some days so that you can look at it with a fresh perspective, as objectively as you can. Then reread your draft and improve it. You can repeat this process with your third and subsequent drafts. You will be surprised how many ways you can find to improve what you have written. A good idea is to find a second set of eyes so you may ask someone else to read your accounting term paper, for example, your family member, your friend or classmate or hire a professional editor. Fresh readers can help you notice technical errors and inconsistencies in your argument and organization. Improve Your Style You should also take care of your style: Use active tense and action verbs that generate more interest. Take care of your sentence structure and avoid long and complex sentences. Instead, use simple, short sentences which are more powerful. Watch your paragraphs length. Don’t write making too long paragraphs of over one-page length. Such paragraphs may have more than one idea or redundant statements. You should rewrite them and delete unnecessary text or make additional paragraphs for separate ideas. On the other hand, you cannot write in paragraphs that have only one sentence. Each paragraph should include one topic sentence and a few sentences that develop that sentence or support it with evidence. Always use transitions between your paragraphs because they smooth the reading process and help readers get from one idea to the next one. Use such words and phrases like however, as a result, nevertheless, still, on the other hand, etc. Avoid vague expressions and emotion-laden words. Use words with specific and clear meaning and try to avoid clichà ©s. Remember that the purpose of your accounting term paper is the content. The style can help convey your ideas but it should not distract your reader from the content. Consider Technical Issues You should take care of the technical issues and make sure that your term paper is free of some common mistakes. Check your spelling. You may try to use a technique of professional proofreaders who often read a manuscript backward to check the spelling. Use a good dictionary and spell check software. Be careful of verb tenses and keep them consistent within your paragraphs. Avoid sentence fragments. Make sure that every sentence you write has a subject and a verb. Avoid split infinitives when â€Å"to† and the verb are separated by an adverb. Don’t end sentences with prepositions because that indicates the poor sentence structure. Always make sure that the subjects and the verbs in your sentences agree. Step 5. Revising Your Final Draft When revising your draft, you should check your accounting term paper at every organizational level. First, you should check the overall organization and improve logic and flow. Review the introduction and the conclusion to check their logical flow and effectiveness and review the body to make sure that the discussion is coherent. You should also check your term paper against the outline and verify the logical order of your paragraphs and your ideas. Then you should check the structure and logic within your paragraphs. Make sure that each paragraph has a topic sentence and includes details to support generalizations. Check transitions within and between paragraphs. Check every sentence and improve structure, word choice and fix grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes. Your revision may require many readings and each of them may have its specific purpose. At the final stage, when proofreading your accounting term paper, you should also check your documentation and the consistent use of one citation system that was specified by your instructor. Cite all the material that is not considered common knowledge to give credit to the primary sources of information. Check the accuracy of the references list at the end of your term paper. 2 Technical Accounting Term Paper Writing Tips from Our Writing Gurus: Always have a copy of your paper. You will then be able to add it to your graduation portfolio, reference them or highlight the impressive grades. Make sure to save changes in your accounting term paper every 5-10 minutes. This way you will not lose the valuable information.

Effects of Drug Abuse essays

Effects of Drug Abuse essays Many people do not understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. It can be wrongfully assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse, quitting is difficult, even for those who are ready to do so. Through scientific advances, we know more about how drugs work in the brain than ever, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and lead productive lives. Today, thanks to science, our views and responses to drug abuse has changed dramatically. Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of drug addiction, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem, (Volkow). Addiction is a developmental disease that begins i n infancy and adolescence and is influenced by a combination of factors involving genes, environment, and an individuals age at first drug use. The genes that people are born with in combination environmental influences of their addiction defenselessness. To addition that, gender, ethnicity, and the mental disorders may influence risk for drug abuse and addiction. Scientists estimate that genetic factors account for between 40 and 60 percent of a persons vulnerability to addiction, including the effects of environment on gene expression and function. Adolescents and individuals with mental disorders are at greater risk of drug abuse and addiction than the general population, (Volkow). Few weakness genes have been found for alcohol dependence and nicotine addiction. Alcoholism is a genetically inherited disease. There are several evidences proving that Scientists at Washington University School of Medicine cond...

LED lighting fixtures market of US Research Paper

LED lighting fixtures market of US - Research Paper Example Third basic benefit LED based light offers are increased life spam performance as compare to conventional lighting technologies. Well designed LED lights gives 50,000 to 100,000 hours of performance or more. Along with these basic benefits associated with LED. These features provides overall cost effectiveness and environmentally beneficial source of lighting (The Climate Group, 2012). 3. Customer Demographic and Market Demographic Lighting industry in US is second in row after China. US demand for s same is projected to increase by 7.5 percent annually amounting to $25.3 billion in 2016 (IES, 2012). This product is not entitled to cater people of certain age, state, sex etc. It is residential as well as commercial product designed for all cost sensitive segment, low income segment. These fixtures provide efficient source of lighting which is need of every house and office. 4. Reasons for Selecting China for Buying China has been selected as a destination for production as it provide s cost effective manufacturing. In year 2012 China has regarded growth of LED lighting industry for next five years as 7th emerging industry. Hence, China is providing considerable support to increase its LED production at local level. To gain this industry specific benefit combined with the low cost labor availability, it has been decided to establish setting in china for buying LED lighting fixtures from China manufacturing firms. 5. Entry Mode Selected It has been decided to enter Chinese market for buying LED lighting fixtures as third party contractors. This decision is based on the fact the currently China is supporting local production to meet its own demand. Chinese... LED lighting fixtures market of US Importing final product to US, share in US market will captured through distributors and retailers. 1. Product and Country Background LED lighting fixtures industry is among the fastest growing industries in world. When account for the Global demand for lighting fixtures, it is projected to jump high above at 6.9 percent annually to $153 billion through 2016 (Global Information, 2012). This rise in demand is contributed by three major sectors: construction, motor vehicles and machinery and commercial and residential consumers (gnom, 2012). ABC plans to introduce LED lighting fixtures for commercial and residential users. Image 1 (Smallwood, 2012) LED lighting fixtures to be sold in US will be imported from China. China has the highest demand for light fixtures and through 2016 it is expected to retain its top position by with additional 36 percent rise in demand.US follow is on second position with 18 percent share in rise in global sales (Tao, 2012). Penetration of LED lighting fixt ures in US and China with growth in future is given in image 2 and 3. High growth in demand in China and across world has resulted in an increased production of LED lighting fixtures in China with government supporting and subsidizing the industry to remain competitive (Hausken, 2011). To cater dumping issues, ABC Company, has initially developed business model based on low frill product, hence, providing product at status which is used to dump the market.

Fibromyalgia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fibromyalgia - Essay Example It was observed there is high aggregation of Fibromyalgia in families of Fibromyalgia patients. The mode of inheritance followed is probably polygenic. An association between Fibromyalgia and polymorphisms of the genes in the serotoninergic, dopaminergic and catecholaminergic systems was observed in research. However these polymorphisms are not specific for Fibromyalgia and are associated with a range of somatic disorders and with depression (Buskila 332-8). Stress is often considered as a risk factor for Fibromyalgia It has also been hypothesized that because exposure to stressful conditions can alter the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the development of fibromyalgia may stem from stress-induced disruption of the HPA axis (McBeth et al . R992-R1000) There is strong evidence that major depression and fibromyalgia are associated with each other. The symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive disturbances that are characteristic of Fibromyalgia are also present in depressive illness. Patients with Fibromyalgia often improve with antidepressant medications. Although current major depression was found in only about 18-36% of Fibromyalgia patients, a lifetime history of depression was observed in 50-70% of the cases in a study (Goldenberg 778-779). Gender and age are the other important risk factors in Fibromyalgia as Fibromyalgia is 10 times more prevalent in women than in men and is most likely to be diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 50 (Chakravarty and Zoorob 247). The most important signs of Fibromyalgia are pain in multiple sites, fatigue, and poor sleep. Patients often complain of low back pain, which may radiate into the buttocks and legs. Also common are complaints of pain and tightness in the neck and across the upper posterior shoulders. The pain may be described as a burning or gnawing soreness, stiffness, or aching. Many patients awaken frequently at night and have difficulty falling back to sleep. Upon waking, many patients feel exhausted and complain of stiffness, which improves as the day passes by. Pain must last for more than 3 months in all four quadrants of the body.Fibromyalgia is diagnosed if there is a history of widespread pain lasting more than three months-affecting all four quadrants of the body and presence of 11 tender points among the nine pairs of sites specified by the American Rheumatology College (Chakravarty and Zoorob 248-249) Many patients with fibromyalgia complain of cognitive difficulties (known as "brain fog" or "fibrofog") such as short and long-term memory problems, groping for words, and poor vocabulary. Headaches, including migraine type, also are common. A feeling of swollen joints without actual swelling, and paresthesias without objective neurologic findings, are considered two important features of Fibromyalgia (Chakravarty and Zoorob 248). As a medically unexplained syndrome, there is no known cure or universally accepted treatment for fibromyalgia, and treatment is typically aimed at symptom management. Along with pharmaceutical treatment, research was done on a variety of alternative treatments for Fibromyalgia with varying results. Short-term exercise programs for individuals with fibromyalgia have consistently improved physical function, especially physical fitness, and reduced tender point pain; however the exercise must be done at moderate intensity and consistently. The exercise should start at intensities below the

The problems encountered while accounting for intangibles are Essay

The problems encountered while accounting for intangibles are accurately identified and explained - Essay Example For example expenditures in research and marketing ill generate cash flows but quantifying the amount of the cash is normally difficult hence their omission in the balance sheet. Secondly, recognition of assets in the balance sheet requires the ability to measure the value or the cost reliably. In the case of intangible assets like marketing or research, reliable measure of value or cost cannot be made because of the uncertainty in the amount of cash flows to be generated is very high (Spiceland, 2009). Further, it may be difficult to determine which assets the expenditures have contributed value for. Moreover, IASB requires that for an asset to be recognized in the balance sheet, control must be determined. The enterprise must have the rights on the assets or control that gives the exclusive benefits to the organization. Skilled staff may thus not be classified as intangible assets because the organization does not own the employees. This makes it difficult to account for the intangible assets especially when there are no legal rights. Finally, assets must result from previous transactions or past events for them to be recognized and classified. This does not posed a very big problems since the purchase price can always be determined if the asset was obtained. Problems normally arise only when the assets are produced by the organization. Internally generated assets cause a problem of determining their existence from a single transaction hence difficult to measure. Organizations must therefore ensure that they account for intangible assets in conformity to the IASB so as to prevent overstating or understating the financial